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Abstract
Cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii has been carried out by inverted pyramid method in the deep water
of Saparua Bay. This study aims to analyze the daily growth rates (DGR), biomass productions (Y) and
carrageenan yields (YC) of the green and brown strain of K. alvarezii with different water depth by inverted pyramid method in deep seawaters. K. alvarezii with an initial weight of 100 g were planted successively at the
water depths of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m during four growing seasons that last for 49 days in every season. The results
showed that the highest daily growth rate and biomass production were on the green strain at the depth of 1 m
and brown strain at the depth of 3 m, which were 4.18% and 749.29 g/m2 then 4.19% and 754.51 g/m2,
respectively. Both of DGR and Y in brown strain was higher than the green strain at the surface layer. While the highest carrageenan yield were on the green and brown strain at the depth of 9 m, which were 16.53% and
14.85%, respectively. Seaweed cultivation in deep waters has a positive impact on carrageenan yields in line with the increasing depths while the growth rate and the biomass production can be achieved higher at the lower
depth.
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Copyright (c) 2018 Aquacultura Indonesiana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
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- Bracken, M.E.S. and J.J. Stachowicz. 2006. Seaweed diversity enhances nitrogen uptake via complementary use of nitrate and ammonium. Ecology, 87(9): 2397-2403.
- Dahuri, R. 2012 Cetak Biru Pembangunan Kelautan dan Perikanan. Menuju Indonesia yang Maju, Adil- Makmur, dan Berdaulat. Roda Bahari, Bogor, 134 pp.
- Glenn, E.P. and M.S. Doty. Growth of the seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii, K. striatum and Eucheuma denticulatum as affected by environment in Hawaii. Aquaculture, 84 (3-4): 245-255
- Harrison, P.J. and C.L. Hurd. 2001. Nutrient physiology of seaweeds: Application of concepts to aquaculture. Cah. Biol. Mar., 42: 71-82.
- Hayashi, L., E.J.D. Paula, and F. Chow. 2007. Growth rate and carrageenan analyses in four strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) farmed in the subtropical water of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. J. Appl Phycol., 19:393-399.
- Hung L. D., K. Hori, H.Q. Nang, T. Kha, and L.T. Hoa. 2009. Seasonal changes in growth rate, carrageenan yield and lectin content in the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivated in Camranh Bay, Vietnam. Journal of Applied Phycology, 21: 265-272.
- Hurtado A.Q., A.T. Critchley, A. Trespoey, and G. Bleicher-Lhonneur, 2008 Growth and carrageenan quality of Kappaphycus striatum var. Sacol grown at different stocking densities, duration of culture and depth. Journal of Applied Phycology, 20: 551-555.
- Hurtado A.Q. and R.F. Agbayani. 2002 Deep-sea farming of Kappaphycus alvarezii using the multiple raft, long-line method. Botanica Marina, 45: 438-444.
- Hurtado, A.Q., R.F. Agbayani, R. Sanares, and M.T.R. Castro-Mallare, 2001. The seasonality and economic feasibility of cultivating Kappaphycus alvarezii in Panagatan Cays, Caluya, Antique, Philippines. Aquaculture, 199: 295-310.
- Hurtado-Ponce A.Q., R.F. Agbayani, and E.A.J. Chavoso. 1996. Economics of cultivating Kappaphycus alvarezii using fixed-bottom line and hanging-long line methods in Panagatan Cays, Caluya, Antique, Philippines. Journal of Applied Phycology, 105: 105-109.
- Ishida, K. and B.R. Green. 2002. Second- and third hand chloroplasts in dinoflagellates: phylogeny of oxygen-evolving enhancer 1 (PsbO) protein reveals replacement of a nuclear-encoded plastid gene by that of a haptophye tertiary endosymbiosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 99: 9294-9299.
- Msuya, F.E. and D. Salum. 2007. Effect of cultivation duration, seasonality, nutrients, air temperature and rainfall on carrageenan properties and substrata studies of the seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum in Zanzibar, Tanzania. WIOMSA/MARG I no 2007-06. 36pp.
- Nayar, S. and K. Bott. 2014. Current status of global cultivated seaweed production and markets. World Aquaculture, 45: 32-37.
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- Neish I.C. 2005 The Eucheuma seaplant handbook. Volume I, Agronomics, Biology and Crop System. Sea Plant Net Technical Monograph No. 0505-10A, Makassar.
- Ramus, J., S.I. Beale, D. Mauzerall, and K.L. Howard.1976. Changes in photosynthetic pigment concentration in seaweeds as a function of water depth. Marine Biology, 37(3): 223-229.
- Santelices, B. 1999. A conceptual framework for marine agronomy. Hydrobiologia, 398/399: 15-23.
- Taylor, R.B., J.T.A. Peek, and T.A.V. Rees. 1998. Scaling of ammonium uptake by seaweeds to surface area : volume ratio : geographical variation and the role of uptake by passive diffusion. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 169: 143-148.
- Teichberg, M., S.E. Fox, C. Aguila, Y.S. Olsen, and I. Valiela. 2008. Macroalgal responses to experimental nutrient enrichment in shallow coastal waters: growth, internal nutrient pools, and isotopic signatures. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,368: 117-126.
- Xu, Z., X. Lin, J. Lin, L. Xie, and C. Huang. 2001. The effects of nutrient availability on the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by Gracilia tenuistipitata var. liui Zhang et Xia. Acta Ecol. Sin., 22: 366-374.
- Wenno, P.A., R. Syamsuddin, E.N. Zainuddin, and R. Ambo-Rappe. 2015. Cultivation of red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) at different depths in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 8(3):468-47
References
Barr, N.G., A. Kloeppel, T.A.V. Rees, C. Scherer, R.B. Taylor, and A. Wenzel. 2008. Wave surge increases rates of growth and nutrient uptake in the green seaweed Ulva pertusa maintained at low bulk flow velocities. Aquat. Biol., 3:179-186.
Bracken, M.E.S. and J.J. Stachowicz. 2006. Seaweed diversity enhances nitrogen uptake via complementary use of nitrate and ammonium. Ecology, 87(9): 2397-2403.
Dahuri, R. 2012 Cetak Biru Pembangunan Kelautan dan Perikanan. Menuju Indonesia yang Maju, Adil- Makmur, dan Berdaulat. Roda Bahari, Bogor, 134 pp.
Glenn, E.P. and M.S. Doty. Growth of the seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii, K. striatum and Eucheuma denticulatum as affected by environment in Hawaii. Aquaculture, 84 (3-4): 245-255
Harrison, P.J. and C.L. Hurd. 2001. Nutrient physiology of seaweeds: Application of concepts to aquaculture. Cah. Biol. Mar., 42: 71-82.
Hayashi, L., E.J.D. Paula, and F. Chow. 2007. Growth rate and carrageenan analyses in four strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) farmed in the subtropical water of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. J. Appl Phycol., 19:393-399.
Hung L. D., K. Hori, H.Q. Nang, T. Kha, and L.T. Hoa. 2009. Seasonal changes in growth rate, carrageenan yield and lectin content in the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivated in Camranh Bay, Vietnam. Journal of Applied Phycology, 21: 265-272.
Hurtado A.Q., A.T. Critchley, A. Trespoey, and G. Bleicher-Lhonneur, 2008 Growth and carrageenan quality of Kappaphycus striatum var. Sacol grown at different stocking densities, duration of culture and depth. Journal of Applied Phycology, 20: 551-555.
Hurtado A.Q. and R.F. Agbayani. 2002 Deep-sea farming of Kappaphycus alvarezii using the multiple raft, long-line method. Botanica Marina, 45: 438-444.
Hurtado, A.Q., R.F. Agbayani, R. Sanares, and M.T.R. Castro-Mallare, 2001. The seasonality and economic feasibility of cultivating Kappaphycus alvarezii in Panagatan Cays, Caluya, Antique, Philippines. Aquaculture, 199: 295-310.
Hurtado-Ponce A.Q., R.F. Agbayani, and E.A.J. Chavoso. 1996. Economics of cultivating Kappaphycus alvarezii using fixed-bottom line and hanging-long line methods in Panagatan Cays, Caluya, Antique, Philippines. Journal of Applied Phycology, 105: 105-109.
Ishida, K. and B.R. Green. 2002. Second- and third hand chloroplasts in dinoflagellates: phylogeny of oxygen-evolving enhancer 1 (PsbO) protein reveals replacement of a nuclear-encoded plastid gene by that of a haptophye tertiary endosymbiosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 99: 9294-9299.
Msuya, F.E. and D. Salum. 2007. Effect of cultivation duration, seasonality, nutrients, air temperature and rainfall on carrageenan properties and substrata studies of the seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum in Zanzibar, Tanzania. WIOMSA/MARG I no 2007-06. 36pp.
Nayar, S. and K. Bott. 2014. Current status of global cultivated seaweed production and markets. World Aquaculture, 45: 32-37.
Neish, I.C. 2009. Tropical Red Seaweeds as a Foundation for Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture (IMTA) Four Propositions and an action plan for this major opportunity in the Coral Triangle. SEAPlant.net Monograph no. HB2E 1209 V3 IMTA. December, 2009.
Neish I.C. 2005 The Eucheuma seaplant handbook. Volume I, Agronomics, Biology and Crop System. Sea Plant Net Technical Monograph No. 0505-10A, Makassar.
Ramus, J., S.I. Beale, D. Mauzerall, and K.L. Howard.1976. Changes in photosynthetic pigment concentration in seaweeds as a function of water depth. Marine Biology, 37(3): 223-229.
Santelices, B. 1999. A conceptual framework for marine agronomy. Hydrobiologia, 398/399: 15-23.
Taylor, R.B., J.T.A. Peek, and T.A.V. Rees. 1998. Scaling of ammonium uptake by seaweeds to surface area : volume ratio : geographical variation and the role of uptake by passive diffusion. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 169: 143-148.
Teichberg, M., S.E. Fox, C. Aguila, Y.S. Olsen, and I. Valiela. 2008. Macroalgal responses to experimental nutrient enrichment in shallow coastal waters: growth, internal nutrient pools, and isotopic signatures. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,368: 117-126.
Xu, Z., X. Lin, J. Lin, L. Xie, and C. Huang. 2001. The effects of nutrient availability on the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by Gracilia tenuistipitata var. liui Zhang et Xia. Acta Ecol. Sin., 22: 366-374.
Wenno, P.A., R. Syamsuddin, E.N. Zainuddin, and R. Ambo-Rappe. 2015. Cultivation of red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) at different depths in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 8(3):468-47