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Abstract
Alginate that is usually extracted from brown seaweeds, is a bioactive substance with immunomodulator activity. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of alginate on the non-specific immune system of walking catfish (Clarias sp.). An experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design with five treatments in triplicates. Alginate was supplemented in feed at doses of 0 (control treatment), 2, 4, 6 and 8 g/kg of feed. The walking catfish was fed twice daily at feeding rate of 5%. Non-specific defense parameters evaluated were Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) activity, phagocytic activity (PA), phagocytic index (PI), leukocyte differentiation, hematocrit and leucocrit. The parameters were observed prior to be treated, 5th, 10th and 15th days after treatments. Oral administration of alginate at 4 g/kg of feed increased NBT and PA activities significantly (P<0.05) in 5 days, while alginate at a dose of 6 g/kg increased NBT activity and monocyte percentage significantly (P<0.05) in 5 days. These results suggested that oral administration of alginate at 4 g/kg effectively increased non-specific immune system of walking catfish.
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References
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- Baratawidjaya, K.G. 2002. Imunologi Dasar. Balai Penerbit Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta. hlm. 3-69.
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- Cheng, W. and J.S. Yu. 2012. Effects of the dietary administration of sodium alginate on the immune responses and disease resistance of Taiwan abalone. Haliotis diversicolor supertexta. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 34: 902-908.
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- Draget, K.I., S.T. Moe, G.S. Bræk, and O. Smidsrød. 2011. Alginates. In : Stephen . A.
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- Fujaya, Y. 2004. Fisiologi Ikan. Dasar Pengembangan Teknik Perikanan. Rineka Cipta. Jakarta.
- Fujiki, K. and T. Yano. 1997. Effects of sodium alginate on the non-specific defence system of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 7: 417–427.
- Harikrishnan, R., M.C. Kim, J.S. Kim, Y.J. Han,
- I.S. Jang, C. Balasundaram, and M.S. Heo. 2010. Immunomodulatory effect of sodium alginate enriched diet in kelp grouper Epinephelus brneus against Streptococcus iniae. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 30: 543-549.
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- Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta.
- Matsuo, K. and I. Miyazano. 1993. The influence of long term administration of pedtidoglucan on the chanel catfish. In: Sakai. M. 1998. Current research status of fish immunostimulant. Aquaculture, 172 : 63-92.
- Rachmat, R. 1999. Potensi alga coklat di indonesia dan prospek pemanfaatannya. Prosiding Pra Kipnas VII Forum Komunikasi Ikatan Fikologi Indonesia, 31-35.
- Sakai, M. 1998. Current research status of fish immunostimulant. Aquaculture, 172 : 63-92 .
- Yeh, S.T., C.S. Lee, and J.C. Chen. 2005.
- Administration of hot water extract of brown seaweed Sargassum duplicatum via immersion and injection enhances the immune resistance of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 20: 332-345.
- Yoshida, T., R. Kruger, and V. Inglis. 1995. Augmentation of non-specific protection in asian catfish. Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). by the long term administration of immunostimulants. In: Sakai. M. 1998. Current research status of fish immunostimulant. Aquaculture, 172 : 63-92.
References
Anderson, D.P. and A.K. Siwicki. 1994. Symplified Assay for Measuring Nonspesifik Defence Mechanism in Fish. Fish Health Section/American Fisheries Meeting. Seatle. Washington, p. 1-26.
Ale, M.T., J.D. Mikkelsen, and A.S. Meyer. 2011. Important determinant for fucoidan bioactivity: a critical review of structure-function relations and extraction methods for fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides from brown seaweeds. Marine Drugs, 9: 2106-2130.
Baratawidjaya, K.G. 2002. Imunologi Dasar. Balai Penerbit Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta. hlm. 3-69.
Castro, R., I. Zarra, and J. Lamas. 2003. Water- soluble seaweed extracts modulate the respiratory burst activity of turbot phagocytes. Aquaculture, 229: 67–78.
Cheng, W. and J.S. Yu. 2012. Effects of the dietary administration of sodium alginate on the immune responses and disease resistance of Taiwan abalone. Haliotis diversicolor supertexta. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 34: 902-908.
Chiu, S.T., R.T. Tsai, J.P. Hsu, C.H. Liu, and W. Cheng. 2008. Dietary sodium alginate administration to enhance the non-specific immune responses. and disease resistance of the juvenile grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. Aquaculture, 277: 66–72.
Draget, K.I., S.T. Moe, G.S. Bræk, and O. Smidsrød. 2011. Alginates. In : Stephen . A.
M.. G.O. Phillips and P.A. Williams. 2006. Food Polysaccharides and Their Applications. Second Edition. Taylor and Francis Group, USA. p. 290–328.
Fujaya, Y. 2004. Fisiologi Ikan. Dasar Pengembangan Teknik Perikanan. Rineka Cipta. Jakarta.
Fujiki, K. and T. Yano. 1997. Effects of sodium alginate on the non-specific defence system of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 7: 417–427.
Harikrishnan, R., M.C. Kim, J.S. Kim, Y.J. Han,
I.S. Jang, C. Balasundaram, and M.S. Heo. 2010. Immunomodulatory effect of sodium alginate enriched diet in kelp grouper Epinephelus brneus against Streptococcus iniae. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 30: 543-549.
Irianto, A. 2005. Patologi Ikan Teleostei. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. hlm. 83-94. Isnansetyo, A. 2006. Petunjuk Praktikum Evaluasi Pertahanan Non Spesifik Ikan. Universitas
Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta.
Matsuo, K. and I. Miyazano. 1993. The influence of long term administration of pedtidoglucan on the chanel catfish. In: Sakai. M. 1998. Current research status of fish immunostimulant. Aquaculture, 172 : 63-92.
Rachmat, R. 1999. Potensi alga coklat di indonesia dan prospek pemanfaatannya. Prosiding Pra Kipnas VII Forum Komunikasi Ikatan Fikologi Indonesia, 31-35.
Sakai, M. 1998. Current research status of fish immunostimulant. Aquaculture, 172 : 63-92 .
Yeh, S.T., C.S. Lee, and J.C. Chen. 2005.
Administration of hot water extract of brown seaweed Sargassum duplicatum via immersion and injection enhances the immune resistance of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 20: 332-345.
Yoshida, T., R. Kruger, and V. Inglis. 1995. Augmentation of non-specific protection in asian catfish. Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). by the long term administration of immunostimulants. In: Sakai. M. 1998. Current research status of fish immunostimulant. Aquaculture, 172 : 63-92.